秦璽印
古璽,即是秦統一六國以前的官私璽印,《漢舊儀》「秦以前民皆佩綬,以金銀銅犀象為方寸璽,各服所好。」因為材質不同,「璽」字也可以從「金」、從「土」或者從「玉」字旁。
大家都知道戰國時七國並列,典章制度不同,文字也有很大差異,所以不同國家的古璽差異很大,以前也很難辨識,近年因為古文字研究突飛猛進,我們已經讀通了很多古璽,但是仍有些古璽至今還未辨識到,稍後大家在參觀古璽展覽的時候,可以試試讀一讀這些古璽,看看自己有哪些能讀通。
這次的展覽所展出的古璽部分主要是秦印,當中以姓名印和成語印為主,姓名印部分雖然看似沉悶,但其實對姓氏譜系有很大研究價值,有些複姓比如「淳于」、「張毋」今天已經很少見到。也有些姓氏今天仍然是大姓,比如「張」、「王」等。
看古璽展覽,除了從學術角度看,還少不了從美術史角度看。篆刻是其中一門重要的傳統藝術,而學篆刻的朋友經常都說「印宗秦漢」、學篆刻必定從秦漢印入手,漢印工整,古璽則是多變。但古璽究竟如何多變,我們就要好好欣賞一下。這些古璽有不少是鑄造而成,線條古樸渾厚,方正大體;也有些是當時工匠急就鑿刻而成,刀法凌厲,線條幼而剛猛,各種風格都有,所以學篆刻的朋友都會由古璽之中吸取靈感。
最後,大家除了欣賞古璽文字以外,也不要錯過古璽的鈕式。漢印制度森嚴,對於君臣鈕式有嚴格限制,但秦印制度尚未成熟,各類印紐都有,台鈕、橋鈕、龜鈕、砣鈕都有,也值得細看。
張錦發(復旦大學古籍所碩士,師事松蔭軒林章松先生)
Qin Seals
In the Warring States and Qin Dynasty, seals were used by officials and common people. Before Qin unified the empire, different writing systems among the states led to vast differences in ancient seals; they are difficult to decipher. With recent advances in palaeography, we can now read a lot more seals than before.
The ancient seals in this exhibition are mostly Qin seals of people’s names. They are valuable for research in surnames and genealogy. Apart from the research value, we can also focus on the artistic value. Seal carving is an important art, for which Qin and Han seals set a solid foundation. They are the source of inspiration for many seal carving artists.
In addition to the calligraphy in seals, we should also appreciate the wide variety of artistic designs of their ornamental knobs.
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